Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Luis Felipe Reyes (1, 2) , Srinivas Murthy , Esteban Garcia-Gallo , Laura Merson , Elsa Ibáñez-Prada , Jordi Rello , Yuli Fuentes , Ignacio Martin-Loeches , Fernando Bozza , Sara Duque , Fabio Taccone , Robert Fowler , Christiana Kartsonaki , Bronner Gonçalves , Barbara Wanjiru Citarella , Diptesh Aryal , Erlina Burhan , Matthew Cummings , Christelle Delmas (3) , Rodrigo Diaz , Claudia Figueiredo-Mello , Madiha Hashmi , Prasan Kumar Panda , Miguel Pedrera Jiménez , Diego Fernando Bautista Rincon , David Thomson , Alistair Nichol , John Marshall , Piero Olliaro (1) , Ali Abbas , Sheryl Ann Abdukahil , Ryuzo Abe , Laurent Abel , Lara Absil , Subhash Acharya , Andrew Acker , Diana Adrião , Saleh Al Ageel , Shakeel Ahmed , Kate Ainscough , Tharwat Aisa , Ali Ait Hssain , Younes Ait Tamlihat , Takako Akimoto , Ernita Akmal , Eman Al Qasim , Razi Alalqam , Tala Al-Dabbous , Senthilkumar Alegesan , Cynthia Alegre , Marta Alessi , Beatrice Alex , Kévin Alexandre , Abdulrahman Al-Fares , Huda Alfoudri , Imran Ali , Naseem Ali Shah , Kazali Enagnon Alidjnou , Jeffrey Aliudin , Qabas Alkhafajee , Clotilde Allavena , Nathalie Allou , Aneela Altaf , João Alves , João Melo Alves , Rita Alves , Joana Alves Cabrita , Maria Amaral , Phoebe Ampaw , Roberto Andini , Claire Andréjak , Andrea Angheben , François Angoulvant , Séverine Ansart , Massimo Antonelli , Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito , Ardiyan Apriyana , Yaseen Arabi , Irene Aragao , Carolline Araujo , Antonio Arcadipane , Patrick Archambault , Lukas Arenz , Jean-Benoît Arlet , Christel Arnold-Day , Lovkesh Arora , Rakesh Arora , Elise Artaud-Macari , Diptesh Aryal , Angel Asensio , Namra Asif , Mohammad Asim , Jean Baptiste Assie , Anika Atique , A. Attanyake , Johann Auchabie , Hugues Aumaitre , Adrien Auvet , Laurène Azemar , Cecile Azoulay , Benjamin Bach , Delphine Bachelet , Claudine Badr , Nadia Baig , J. Kenneth Baillie , Erica Bak , Agamemnon Bakakos , Andriy Bal , Valeria Balan , Firouzé Bani-Sadr , Renata Barbalho , Wendy Barclay , Michaela Barnikel , Helena Barrasa , Audrey Barrelet , Cleide Barrigoto , Marie Bartoli , Joaquín Baruch , Romain Basmaci , Denise Battaglini , Jules Bauer , Denisse Bazan Dow , Abigail Beane , Alexandra Bedossa , Husna Begum , Sylvie Behilill , Albertus Beishuizen , Aleksandr Beljantsev , David Bellemare , Anna Beltrame , Marine Beluze , Nicolas Benech , Dehbia Benkerrou , Suzanne Bennett , Luís Bento , Jan-Erik Berdal , Delphine Bergeaud , Hazel Bergin , José Luis Bernal Sobrino , Giulia Bertoli , Lorenzo Bertolino , Simon Bessis , Sybille Bevilcaqua , Karine Bezulier , Amar Bhatt , Krishna Bhavsar , Claudia Bianco , Moirangthem Bikram Singh , Felwa Bin Humaid , François Bissuel , Laurent Bitker , Jonathan Bitton , Pablo Blanco-Schweizer , Catherine Blier , Frank Bloos , Mathieu Blot , Filomena Boccia , Laetitia Bodenes , Debby Bogaert , Anne-Hélène Boivin , Pierre-Adrien Bolze , François Bompart , Diogo Borges , Raphaël Borie , Hans Martin Bosse , Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers , Lila Bouadma , Olivier Bouchaud , Sabelline Bouchez , Dounia Bouhmani , Damien Bouhour , Kévin Bouiller , Laurence Bouillet , Camile Bouisse , Anne-Sophie Boureau , John Bourke , Maude Bouscambert , Aurore Bousquet , Jason Bouziotis , Bianca Boxma , Marielle Boyer-Besseyre , Maria Boylan , Axelle Braconnier , Cynthia Braga , Timo Brandenburger , Filipa Brás Monteiro , Luca Brazzi , Dorothy Breen , Patrick Breen , Kathy Brickell , Alex Browne , Shaunagh Browne , Marjolein Brusse-Keizer , Nina Buchtele , Christian Buesaquillo , Polina Bugaeva , Marielle Buisson , Aidan Burrell , Ingrid Bustos , Denis Butnaru , André Cabie , Susana Cabral , Eder Caceres , Cyril Cadoz , Rui Caetano Garcês , Kate Calligy , Jose Andres Calvache , João Camões , Valentine Campana , Paul Campbell , Cecilia Canepa , Mireia Cantero , Pauline Caraux-Paz , Sheila Cárcel , Chiara Simona Cardellino , Filipa Cardoso , Filipe Cardoso , Nelson Cardoso , Sofia Cardoso , Simone Carelli , Nicolas Carlier , Thierry Carmoi , Gayle Carney , Inês Carqueja , Marie-Christine Carret , François Martin Carrier , Ida Carroll , Gail Carson , Maire-Laure Casanova , Mariana Cascão , Siobhan Casey , José Casimiro , Bailey Cassandra , Silvia Castañeda , Nidyanara Castanheira , Guylaine Castor-Alexandre , Henry Castrillón , Ivo Castro , Ana Catarino , François-Xavier Catherine , Paolo Cattaneo , Roberta Cavalin , Giulio Giovanni Cavalli , Alexandros Cavayas , Adrian Ceccato , Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez , Anissa Chair , Catherine Chakveatze , Adrienne Chan , Meera Chand , Christelle Chantalat Auger , Jean-Marc Chapplain , Julie Chas , Mobin Chaudry , Jonathan Samuel Chávez Iñiguez , Anjellica Chen , Yih-Sharng Chen , Matthew Pellan Cheng , Antoine Cheret , Thibault Chiarabini , Julian Chica , Catherine Chirouze , Davide Chiumello , Sung-Min Cho , Bernard Cholley , Marie-Charlotte Chopin , Jose Pedro Cidade , José Miguel Cisneros Herreros , Anna Ciullo , Emma Clarke , Jennifer Clarke , Sara Clohisey , Perren Cobb , Cassidy Codan , Caitriona Cody , Alexandra Coelho , Megan Coles , Gwenhaël Colin , Michael Collins , Sebastiano Maria Colombo , Pamela Combs , Marie Connor , Anne Conrad , Sofía Contreras , Elaine Conway , Graham Cooke , Mary Copland , Hugues Cordel , Amanda Corley , Sabine Cornelis , Alexander Daniel Cornet , Arianne Joy Corpuz , Andrea Cortegiani , Grégory Corvaisier , Emma Costigan , Camille Couffignal , Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues , Roxane Courtois , Stéphanie Cousse , Rachel Cregan , Sabine Croonen , Gloria Crowl , Jonathan Crump , Claudina Cruz , Juan Luis Cruz Bermúdez , Jaime Cruz Rojo , Marc Csete , Ailbhe Cullen , Ger Curley , Elodie Curlier , Colleen Curran , Paula Custodio , Ana da Silva Filipe , Charlene da Silveira , Al-Awwab Dabaliz , Andrew Dagens , Darren Dahly , Heidi Dalton , Jo Dalton , Seamus Daly , Juliana Damas , Nick Daneman , Corinne Daniel , Emmanuelle Dankwa , Jorge Dantas , Frédérick D’aragon , Gillian de Loughry , Diego de Mendoza , Etienne de Montmollin , Rafael Freitas de Oliveira França , Ana Isabel de Pinho Oliveira , Rosanna de Rosa , Thushan de Silva , Peter de Vries , Jillian Deacon , David Dean , Alexa Debard , Marie-Pierre Debray , Nathalie Decastro , William Dechert , Lauren Deconninck , Romain Decours , Eve Defous , Isabelle Delacroix , Eric Delaveuve , Karen Delavigne , Andrea Dell’amore , Pierre Delobel , Corine Delsing , Elisa Demonchy , Emmanuelle Denis , Dominique Deplanque , Pieter Depuydt , Diane Descamps , Mathilde Desvallées , Santi Dewayanti , Pathik Dhanger , Alpha Diallo , Sylvain Diamantis , André Dias , Juan Jose Diaz , Priscila Diaz , Kévin Didier , Jean-Luc Diehl , Wim Dieperink , Jérôme Dimet , Vincent Dinot , Fara Diop , Alphonsine Diouf , Yael Dishon , Félix Djossou , Annemarie Docherty , Helen Doherty , Arjen Dondorp , Christl Donnelly , Maria Donnelly , Chloe Donohue , Sean Donohue , Yoann Donohue , Peter Doran , Céline Dorival , Eric D’ortenzio , James Joshua Douglas , Nathalie Dournon , Triona Downer , Joanne Downey , Mark Downing , Tom Drake , Aoife Driscoll , Claudio Duarte Fonseca , Vincent Dubee , François Dubos , Alexandre Ducancelle , Susanne Dudman , Paul Dunand , Jake Dunning , Mathilde Duplaix , Emanuele Durante-Mangoni , Lucian Durham , Bertrand Dussol , Juliette Duthoit , Xavier Duval , Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise , Marco Echeverria-Villalobos , Siobhan Egan , Carla Eira , Mohammed El Sanharawi , Subbarao Elapavaluru , Brigitte Elharrar , Jacobien Ellerbroek , Philippine Eloy , Tarek Elshazly , Isabelle Enderle , Tomoyuki Endo , Ilka Engelmann , Vincent Enouf , Olivier Epaulard , Martina Escher , Mariano Esperatti , Hélène Esperou , Catarina Espírito Santo , Marina Esposito-Farese , João Estevão , Manuel Etienne , Nadia Ettalhaoui , Anna Greti Everding , Mirjam Evers , Isabelle Fabre , Marc Fabre , Amna Faheem , Arabella Fahy , Cameron Fairfield , Zul Fakar , Komal Fareed , Pedro Faria , Ahmed Farooq , Arie Zainul Fatoni , Karine Faure , Raphaël Favory , Mohamed Fayed , Niamh Feely , Laura Feeney , Jorge Fernandes , Marília Andreia Fernandes , Susana Fernandes , François-Xavier Ferrand , Eglantine Ferrand Devouge , Joana Ferrão , Mário Ferraz , Benigno Ferreira , Bernardo Ferreira , Isabel Ferreira , Sílvia Ferreira , Ricard Ferrer-Roca , Nicolas Ferriere , Céline Ficko , Juan Fiorda , Thomas Flament , Clara Flateau , Tom Fletcher , Letizia Lucia Florio , Deirdre Flynn , Claire Foley , Jean Foley , Victor Fomin , Tatiana Fonseca , Patricia Fontela , Simon Forsyth , Denise Foster , Giuseppe Foti , Erwan Fourn , Marianne Fraher , Diego Franch-Llasat , Christophe Fraser , John Fraser , Marcela Vieira Freire , Ana Freitas Ribeiro , Craig French , Caren Friedrich , Stéphanie Fry , Nora Fuentes , Masahiro Fukuda , Argin G , Valérie Gaborieau , Rostane Gaci , Massimo Gagliardi , Jean-Charles Gagnard , Amandine Gagneux-Brunon , Sérgio Gaião , Linda Gail Skeie , Phil Gallagher , Carrol Gamble , Arthur Garan , Rebekha Garcia , Noelia García Barrio , Navya Garimella , Denis Garot , Valérie Garrait , Basanta Gauli , Nathalie Gault , Aisling Gavin , Anatoliy Gavrylov , Alexandre Gaymard , Johannes Gebauer , Eva Geraud , Louis Gerbaud Morlaes , Nuno Germano , Jade Ghosn , Marco Giani , Jess Gibson , Tristan Gigante , Morgane Gilg , Elaine Gilroy , Guillermo Giordano , Michelle Girvan , Valérie Gissot , Daniel Glikman , Petr Glybochko , Eric Gnall , Geraldine Goco , François Goehringer , Siri Goepel , Jean-Christophe Goffard , Jonathan Golob , Joan Gómez-Junyent , Marie Gominet , Alicia Gonzalez , Patricia Gordon , Isabelle Gorenne , Laure Goubert , Cécile Goujard , Tiphaine Goulenok , Margarite Grable , Jeronimo Graf , Edward Wilson Grandin , Pascal Granier , Giacomo Grasselli , Christopher Green , Courtney Greene , William Greenhalf , Segolène Greffe , Domenico Luca Grieco , Matthew Griffee , Fiona Griffiths , Albert Groenendijk , Anja Grosse Lordemann , Heidi Gruner , Yusing Gu , Jérémie Guedj , Martin Guego , Dewi Guellec , Anne-Marie Guerguerian , Daniela Guerreiro , Romain Guery , Anne Guillaumot , Laurent Guilleminault , Maisa Guimarães de Castro , Thomas Guimard , Marieke Haalboom , Daniel Haber , Hannah Habraken , Ali Hachemi , Nadir Hadri , Fakhir Haidri , Sheeba Hakak , Adam Hall , Matthew Hall , Sophie Halpin , Jawad Hameed , Ansley Hamer , Rebecca Hamidfar , Terese Hammond , Rashan Haniffa , Hayley Hardwick , Ewen Harrison , Janet Harrison , Samuel Bernard Ekow Harrison , Mohd Shahnaz Hasan , Junaid Hashmi , Muhammad Hayat , Ailbhe Hayes , Leanne Hays , Jan Heerman , Lars Heggelund , Ross Hendry , Martina Hennessy , Maxime Hentzien , Andrew Hershey , Liv Hesstvedt , Astarini Hidayah , Dawn Higgins , Eibhilin Higgins , Rupert Higgins , Rita Hinchion , Samuel Hinton , Hikombo Hitoto , Antonia Ho , Alexandre Hoctin , Isabelle Hoffmann , Oscar Hoiting , Rebecca Holt , Jan Cato Holter , Peter Horby , Juan Pablo Horcajada , Koji Hoshino , Kota Hoshino , Ikram Houas , Catherine Hough , Jimmy Ming-Yang Hsu , Jean-Sébastien Hulot , Stella Huo , Abby Hurd , Iqbal Hussain , Samreen Ijaz , Arfan Ikram , Hajnal-Gabriela Illes , Patrick Imbert , Mohammad Imran , Rana Imran Sikander , Aftab Imtiaz , Hugo Inácio , Carmen Infante Dominguez , Mariachiara Ippolito , Sarah Isgett , Tiago Isidoro , Margaux Isnard , Daniel Ivulich , Danielle Jaafar , Salma Jaafoura , Julien Jabot , Clare Jackson , Nina Jamieson , Pierre Jaquet , Coline Jaud-Fischer , Stéphane Jaureguiberry , Florence Jego , Synne Jenum , Ruth García , Cédric Joseph , Mark Joseph , Swosti Joshi , Mercé Jourdain , Philippe Jouvet , Anna Jung , Dafsah Juzar , Ouifiya Kafif , Florentia Kaguelidou , Sabina Kali , Smaragdi Kalomoiri , Darshana Hewa Kandamby , Chris Kandel , Darakhshan Kanwal , Anant Kataria , Kevin Katz , Christy Kay , Hannah Keane , Seán Keating , Andrea Kelly , Aoife Kelly , Claire Kelly , Niamh Kelly , Sadie Kelly , Yvelynne Kelly , Maeve Kelsey , Kalynn Kennon , Maeve Kernan , Younes Kerroumi , Sharma Keshav , Imrana Khalid , Osama Khalid , Antoine Khalil , Coralie Khan , Irfan Khan , Quratul Ain Khan , Sushil Khanal , Abid Khatak , Amin Khawaja , Michelle Kho , Saye Khoo , Nasir Khoso , Yuri Kida , Peter Kiiza , Beathe Kiland Granerud , Anders Benjamin Kildal , Antoine Kimmoun , Detlef Kindgen-Milles , Nobuya Kitamura , Paul Klenerman , Rob Klont , Gry Kloumann Bekken , Stephen Knight , Robin Kobbe , Chamira Kodippily , Malte Kohns Vasconcelos , Sabin Koirala , Caroline Kosgei , Arsène Kpangon , Karolina Krawczyk , Oksana Kruglova , Deepali Kumar , Mukesh Kumar , Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan , Pavan Kumar Vecham , Dinesh Kuriakose , Ethan Kurtzman , Demetrios Kutsogiannis , Galyna Kutsyna , Konstantinos Kyriakoulis , Marie Lachatre , Marie Lacoste , John Laffey , Marie Lagrange , Fabrice Laine , Olivier Lairez , Sanjay Lakhey , Antonio Lalueza , Marc Lambert , François Lamontagne , Marie Langelot-Richard , Vincent Langlois , Eka Yudha Lantang , Marina Lanza , Cédric Laouénan , Samira Laribi , Delphine Lariviere , Stéphane Lasry , Naveed Latif , Odile Launay , Didier Laureillard , Yoan Lavie-Badie , Andrew Law , Cassie Lawrence , Teresa Lawrence , Minh Le , Clément Le Bihan , Cyril Le Bris , Georges Le Falher , Lucie Le Fevre , Quentin Le Hingrat , Marion Le Maréchal , Soizic Le Mestre , Gwenaël Le Moal , Vincent Le Moing , Hervé Le Nagard , Paul Le Turnier , Ema Leal , Marta Leal Santos , James Lee , Jennifer Lee , Su Hwan Lee , Todd Lee , Gary Leeming , Bénédicte Lefebvre , Laurent Lefebvre , Benjamin Lefèvre , Sylvie Legac , Jean-Daniel Lelievre , François Lellouche , Adrien Lemaignen , Véronique Lemee , Anthony Lemeur , Gretchen Lemmink , Jenny Lennon , Rafael León , Marc Leone , Michela Leone , François-Xavier Lescure , Olivier Lesens , Mathieu Lesouhaitier , Amy Lester-Grant , Bruno Levy , Yves Levy , Claire Levy-Marchal , Katarzyna Lewandowska , Erwan L’her , Gianluigi Li Bassi , Ali Liaquat , Geoffrey Liegeon , Wei Shen Lim , Chantre Lima , Bruno Lina , Andreas Lind , Guillaume Lingas , Sylvie Lion-Daolio , Keibun Liu , Marine Livrozet , Patricia Lizotte , Antonio Loforte , Navy Lolong , Diogo Lopes , Anthony Loschner , Paul Loubet , Bouchra Loufti , Guillame Louis , Silvia Lourenco , Lara Lovelace-Macon , Marije Lowik , Jean Christophe Lucet , Carlos Lumbreras Bermejo , Carlos Luna , Liem Luong , Nestor Luque , Dominique Luton , Nilar Lwin , Ruth Lyons , Olavi Maasikas , Oryane Mabiala , Moïse Machado , Sara Machado , Gabriel Macheda , Hashmi Madiha , Guillermo Maestro de la Calle , Rafael Mahieu , Sophie Mahy , Ana Raquel Maia , Lars Maier , Mylène Maillet , Thomas Maitre , Maximilian Malfertheiner , Nadia Malik , Paddy Mallon , Fernando Maltez , Denis Malvy , Victoria Manda , Laurent Mandelbrot , Julie Mankikian , Edmund Manning , Aldric Manuel , Ceila Maria Sant , Ana Malaque , Daniel Marino , Flávio Marino , Samuel Markowicz , Ana Marques , Catherine Marquis , Brian Marsh , Laura Marsh , Megan Marshal , Celina Turchi Martelli , Emily Martin , Guillaume Martin-Blondel , Martin Martinot , Ana Martins , João Martins , Nuno Martins , Caroline Martins Rego , Gennaro Martucci , Olga Martynenko , Eva Miranda Marwali , David Maslove , Sabina Mason , Sobia Masood , Basri Mat Nor , Basri Mat Nor , Moshe Matan , Meghena Mathew , Daniel Mathieu , Mathieu Mattei , Romans Matulevics , Laurence Maulin , Michael Maxwell , Javier Maynar , Thierry Mazzoni , Natalie Mc Evoy , Lisa Mc Sweeney , Colin Mcarthur , Colin Mcarthur , Aine Mccarthy , Anne Mccarthy , Colin Mccloskey , Rachael Mcconnochie , Sherry Mcdermott , Sarah Mcdonald , Aine Mcelroy , Samuel Mcelwee , Victoria Mceneany , Allison Mcgeer , Chris Mckay , Johnny Mckeown , Kenneth Mclean , Paul Mcnally , Bairbre Mcnicholas , Elaine Mcpartlan , Edel Meaney , Cécile Mear-Passard , Maggie Mechlin , Minahel Atif , Maqsood Meher , Ferruccio Mele , Luis Melo , Kashif Memon , Joao Joao Mendes , Ogechukwu Menkiti , Kusum Menon , France Mentré , Alexander Mentzer , Emmanuelle Mercier , Noémie Mercier , Antoine Merckx , Mayka Mergeay-Fabre , Blake Mergler , António Mesquita , Osama Metwally , Agnès Meybeck , Dan Meyer , Alison Meynert , Vanina Meysonnier , Amina Meziane , Mehdi Mezidi , Céline Michelanglei , Isabelle Michelet , Vladislav Mihnovit , Asma Moin , David Molina , Elena Molinos , Brenda Molloy , Mary Mone , Agostinho Monteiro , Claudia Montes , Giorgia Montrucchio , Sarah Moore , Shona Moore , Lina Morales Cely , Lucia Moro , Catherine Motherway , Ana Motos , Hugo Mouquet , Clara Mouton Perrot , Julien Moyet , Aisha Kalsoom Mufti , Jimmy Mullaert , Fredrik Müller , Karl Erik Müller , Daniel Munblit , Syed Muneeb , Nadeem Munir , Aisling Murphy , Aisling Murphy , Lorna Murphy , Marlène Murris , Himed Musaab , Himasha Muvindi , Dimitra Melia Myrodia , Farah Nadia Mohd-Hanafiah , Dave Nagpal , Alex Nagrebetsky , Nageswaran Narayanan , Rashid Nasim Khan , Alasdair Nazerali-Maitland , Nadège Neant , Nikita Nekliudov , Raul Neto , Emily Neumann , Pauline Yeung Ng , Anthony Nghi , Duc Nguyen , Orna Ni Choileain , Niamh Ni Leathlobhair , Prompak Nitayavardhana , Stephanie Nonas , Marion Noret , Lisa Norman , Alessandra Notari , Mahdad Noursadeghi , Adam Nowinski , Saad Nseir , Jose Nunez , Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih , Elsa Nyamankolly , Fionnuala Brien , Annmarie Callaghan , Annmarie O’callaghan , Giovanna Occhipinti , Derbrenn Oconnor , Max O’donnell , Tawnya Ogston , Takayuki Ogura , Sophie O’halloran , Katie O’hearn , João Oliveira , Larissa Oliveira , David Ong , Wilna Oosthuyzen , Anne Opavsky , Peter Openshaw , Saijad Orakzai , Claudia Milena Orozco-Chamorro , Jamel Ortoleva , Javier Osatnik , Linda O’shea , Miriam O’sullivan , Nadia Ouamara , Rachida Ouissa , Eric Oziol , Maïder Pagadoy , Justine Pages , Amanda Palacios , Mario Palacios , Massimo Palmarini , Giovanna Panarello , Hem Paneru , Mauro Panigada , Nathalie Pansu , Aurélie Papadopoulos , Rachael Parke , Melissa Parker , Briseida Parra , Taha Pasha , Jérémie Pasquier , Bruno Pastene , Fabian Patauner , Luís Patrão , Patricia Patricio , Juliette Patrier , Lisa Patterson , Rajyabardhan Pattnaik , Christelle Paul , Mical Paul , Jorge Paulos , William Paxton , Jean-François Payen , Florent Peelman , Nathan Peiffer-Smadja , Vincent Peigne , Mare Pejkovska , Paolo Pelosi , Ithan Peltan , Rui Pereira , Daniel Perez , Luis Periel , Thomas Perpoint , Antonio Pesenti , Vincent Pestre , Lenka Petrou , Michele Petrovic , Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez , Frank Olav Pettersen , Gilles Peytavin , Scott Pharand , Walter Picard , Olivier Picone , Carola Pierobon , Djura Piersma , Carlos Pimentel , Raquel Pinto , Catarina Pires , Isabelle Pironneau , Lionel Piroth , Riinu Pius , Laurent Plantier , Julien Poissy , Ryadh Pokeerbux , Sergio Poli , Georgios Pollakis , Diane Ponscarme , Andra-Maris Post , Douwe Postma , Pedro Povoa , Diana Póvoas , Jeff Powis , Sofia Prapa , Sébastien Preau , Christian Prebensen , Jean-Charles Preiser , Anton Prinssen , Mark Pritchard , Gamage Dona Dilanthi Priyadarshani , Lucia Proença , Sravya Pudota , Oriane Puéchal , Bambang Pujo Semedi , Mathew Pulicken , Gregory Purcell , Luisa Quesada , Vilmaris Quinones-Cardona , Víctor Quirós González , Else Quist-Paulsen , Mohammed Quraishi , Christian Rabaud , Ebenezer Rabindrarajan , Aldo Rafael , Marie Rafiq , Arsalan Rahutullah , Fernando Rainieri , Pratheema Ramachandran , Nagarajan Ramakrishnan , José Ramalho , Blandine Rammaert , Grazielle Viana Ramos , Asim Rana , Rajavardhan Rangappa , Ritika Ranjan , Christophe Rapp , Aasiyah Rashan , Thalha Rashan , Ghulam Rasheed , Menaldi Rasmin , Indrek Rätsep , Cornelius Rau , Ali Raza , Andre Real , Stanislas Rebaudet , Sarah Redl , Brenda Reeve , Attaur Rehman , Liadain Reid , Liadain Reid , Dag Henrik Reikvam , Renato Reis , Jonathan Remppis , Martine Remy , Hongru Ren , Hanna Renk , Anne-Sophie Resseguier , Matthieu Revest , Oleksa Rewa , Tiago Reyes , Maria Ines Ribeiro , David Richardson , Denise Richardson , Laurent Richier , Jordi Riera , Ana Rios , Asgar Rishu , Patrick Rispal , Karine Risso , Nicholas Rizer , Chiara Robba , André Roberto , Stephanie Roberts , David Robertson , Olivier Robineau , Ferran Roche-Campo , Paola Rodari , Simão Rodeia , Julia Rodriguez Abreu , Bernhard Roessler , Pierre-Marie Roger , Amanda Rojek , Juliette Romaru , Roberto Roncon-Albuquerque , Mélanie Roriz , Manuel Rosa-Calatrava , Michael Rose , Dorothea Rosenberger , Andrea Rossanese , Matteo Rossetti , Bénédicte Rossignol , Patrick Rossignol , Stella Rousset , Carine Roy , Benoît Roze , Desy Rusmawatiningtyas , Clark Russell , Maeve Ryan , Maria Ryan , Steffi Ryckaert , Aleksander Rygh Holten , Isabela Saba , Sairah Sadaf , Musharaf Sadat , Valla Sahraei , Nadia Saidani , Maximilien Saint-Gilles , Pranya Sakiyalak , Nawal Salahuddin , Leonardo Salazar , Jodat Saleem , Gabriele Sales , Stéphane Sallaberry , Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere , Hélène Salvator , Olivier Sanchez , Angel Sanchez-Miralles , Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu , Gyan Sandhu , Zulfiqar Sandhu , Pierre-François Sandrine , Oana Sandulescu , Marlene Santos , Shirley Sarfo-Mensah , Bruno Sarmento Banheiro , Benjamine Sarton , Sree Satyapriya , Rumaisah Satyawati , Egle Saviciute , Justin Schaffer , Tjard Schermer , Arnaud Scherpereel , Marion Schneider , Stephan Schroll , Michael Schwameis , Janet Scott , James Scott-Brown , Nicholas Sedillot , Tamara Seitz , Jaganathan Selvanayagam , Caroline Semaille , Malcolm Semple , Eric Senneville , Filipa Sequeira , Tânia Sequeira , Ary Serpa Neto , Pablo Serrano Balazote , Ellen Shadowitz , Mohammad Shamsah , Shaikh Sharjeel , Pratima Sharma , Catherine Shaw , Victoria Shaw , Ashraf Sheharyar , Rajesh Mohan Shetty , Haixia Shi , Mohiuddin Shiekh , Keiki Shimizu , Sally Shrapnel , Shubha Kalyan Shrestha , Pramesh Sundar Shrestha , Hoi Ping Shum , Nassima Si Mohammed , Jeanne Sibiude , Atif Siddiqui , Louise Sigfrid , Piret Sillaots , Catarina Silva , Maria Joao Silva , Rogério Silva , Wai Ching Sin , Budha Charan Singh , Punam Singh , Pompini Agustina Sitompul , Vegard Skogen , Sue Smith , Benjamin Smood , Coilin Smyth , Michelle Smyth , Michelle Smyth , Morgane Snacken , Dominic So , Joshua Solomon , Tom Solomon , Emily Somers , Agnès Sommet , Myung Jin Song , Rima Song , Tae Song , Jack Song Chia , Albert Sotto , Edouard Soum , Ana Chora Sousa , Marta Sousa , Maria Sousa Uva , Alexandra Sperry , Elisabetta Spinuzza , B. Darshana , Shiranee Sriskandan , Sarah Stabler , Thomas Staudinger , Stephanie-Susanne Stecher , Ymkje Stienstra , Birgitte Stiksrud , Eva Stolz , Amy Stone , Adrian Streinu-Cercel , Anca Streinu-Cercel , Ami Stuart , David Stuart , Gabriel Suen , Jacky Suen , Asfia Sultana , Charlotte Summers , Dubravka Supic , Magdalena Surovcová , Andrey Svistunov , Konstantinos Syrigos , Jaques Sztajnbok , Konstanty Szuldrzynski , Shirin Tabrizi , Lysa Tagherset , Sara Taleb , Jelmer Talsma , Maria Lawrensia Tampubolon , Hiroyuki Tanaka , Huda Taqdees , Arshad Taqi , Coralie Tardivon , Pierre Tattevin (4, 5) , M. Azhari Taufik , Hassan Tawfik , Richard Tedder , João Teixeira , Sofia Tejada , Marie-Capucine Tellier , François Téoulé , Pleun Terpstra , Olivier Terrier , Nicolas Terzi , Hubert Tessier-Grenier , Adrian Tey , Anand Thakur , Vincent Thibault , Simon-Djamel Thiberville , Benoît Thill , Shaun Thompson , Emma Thomson , Ryan Thwaites , Paul Tierney , Vadim Tieroshyn , Peter Timashev , Jean-François Timsit , Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan , Noémie Tissot , Maria Toki , Kristian Tonby , Marta Torre , Antoni Torres , Margarida Torres , Hernando Torres-Zevallos , Michael Towers , Tony Trapani , Théo Treoux , Cécile Tromeur , Ioannis Trontzas , Tiffany Trouillon , Jeanne Truong , Christelle Tual , Sarah Tubiana , Helen Tuite , Jean-Marie Turmel , Lance Turtle , Pawel Twardowski , Makoto Uchiyama , P. Udayanga , Andrew Udy , Roman Ullrich , Alberto Uribe , Asad Usman , Timothy Uyeki , Cristinava Vajdovics , Luís Val-Flores , Amélie Valran , Stijn van de Velde , Marcel van den Berge , Job van der Palen , Paul van der Valk , Nicky van der Vekens , Peter van der Voort , Sylvie van der Werf (6, 7) , Laura van Gulik , Jarne van Hattem , Carolien van Netten , Ilonka van Veen , Noémie Vanel , Henk Vanoverschelde , Pooja Varghese , Charline Vauchy , Aurélie Veislinger , Sebastian Vencken , Sara Ventura , Annelies Verbon , James Vickers , José Ernesto Vidal , César Vieira , Deepak Vijayan , Joy Ann Villanueva , Judit Villar , Pierre-Marc Villeneuve , Andrea Villoldo , Benoit Visseaux , Hannah Visser , Chiara Vitiello , Harald Vonkeman , Fanny Vuotto , Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd Shukeri , Chih-Hsien Wang , Steve Webb , Jia Wei , Katharina Weil , Sanne Wesselius , T. Eoin West , Murray Wham , Bryan Whelan , Nicole White , Paul Henri Wicky , Aurélie Wiedemann , Surya Otto Wijaya , Keith Wille , Suzette Willems , Virginie Williams , Evert-Jan Wils , Ng Wing Yiu , Calvin Wong , Ioannis Xynogalas , Masaki Yamazaki , Yazdan Yazdanpanah , Cécile Yelnik , Stephanie Yerkovich , Toshiki Yokoyama , Hodane Yonis , Obada Yousif , Saptadi Yuliarto , Akram Zaaqoq , Marion Zabbe , Maram Zahran , Maria Zambon , Alberto Zanella , Hiba Zayyad , Alexander Zoufaly , David Zucman

1 University of Oxford
2 University of La Sabana = Universitad de la Sabana
3 IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137) - Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution
4 BRM - ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine
5 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes [CHU Rennes] = Rennes University Hospital [Ponchaillou]
6 IP - Institut Pasteur [Paris]
7 GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2) - Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable.

Keywords: COVID-19; Critical care; High flow nasal cannula; Invasive mechanical ventilation

Domains: Pulmonology and respiratory tract; Infectious diseases

Luis Felipe Reyes, Srinivas Murthy, Esteban Garcia-Gallo, Laura Merson, Elsa Ibáñez-Prada, et al.. Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study. Critical Care, 2022, 26 (1), pp.276. ⟨10.1186/s13054-022-04155-1⟩. ⟨hal-03932306⟩