R. M. Bell, B. E. Krantz, and J. A. Weigelt, ATLS: A Foundation for Trauma Training, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.34, issue.2, pp.233-240, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70238-6

O. Berge, Making Distance Education Collaborative through Internet. Transcending the Traditions of Distance Education and Collaborative Learning, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190750

H. P. Boshuizen, P. P. Hobus, E. J. Custers, and . Schimdt, Cognitive Effects of Practical Experience Advanced Models of Cognition for Medical Training and Practice, NATO ASI series, vol.97, pp.337-348, 1992.

A. Brown, Design Experiments: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges in Creating Complex Interventions in Classroom Settings, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.22, issue.1, pp.141-178, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0285(88)90014-X

A. L. Brown, S. Ellery, and J. C. Og-campione, Creating Zones of Proximal Development Electronically New Jersey, Thinking Practices in Mathematics and Science Learning, pp.341-368, 1998.

M. Cole, Cultural Psychology., PsycCRITIQUES, vol.28, issue.2, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/021834

M. Cole, Cultural Psychology. A once and future discipline, 1996.

W. C. Clancy, Situated Cognition. On Human Knowledge and Computer Representation. Cambridge, 1997.

A. V. Cicourel, The Integration of Distributed Knowledge in Collaborative Medical Diagnosis Intellectual Teamwork. Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work (s. 221-242), 1990.

A. V. Cicourel, The Interaction of Cognitive and Cultural Models in Health Care Delivery. Presented at the 9th conference of European Health Psychology Society, 1995.

P. Dourish and V. Bellotti, Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work , CSCW '92, pp.107-114, 1992.
DOI : 10.1145/143457.143468

P. Dillenbourg, Some technical implications of distributed cognition on the design of interactive learning environments, Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol.7, issue.2, pp.161-179, 1996.

A. S. Elstein, Clinical Reasoning in Medicine Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions (s. 49-59), 1995.

Y. Engeström, Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research, 1987.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139814744

Y. Engeström, Developmental studies of work as a testbeench of activity theory: The case of primary care medical practice Understanding practice, Perspectives on activity and context (s. 3-34, 1993.

Y. Engeström, Objects, contradictions and collaboration in medical cognition: an activity-theoretical perspective, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, vol.7, issue.5, pp.395-412, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0933-3657(95)00012-U

Y. Engeström, R. Miettinen, Y. Engeström, R. Miettinen, R. L. Punamäki et al., Introduction, 1999.

P. J. Feltovich, R. L. Coulsen, R. J. Spiro, and B. K. Dawson-saunders, Knowledge Application and Transfer for Complex Tasks inn Ill-structured Domains: Implications for Instruction and Testing in Biomedicine Advanced Models of Cognition for Medical Training and Practice, NATO ASI series, vol.97, pp.213-244, 1992.

A. Fjuk, Computer Support for Distributed Collaborative Learning. Exploring a Complex Problem Area, Dr, 1998.

A. Fjuk and L. Dirckinck-holmfeld, Articulation of Actions in Distributed Collaborative Learning, In Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, vol.9, issue.2, pp.3-24, 1997.

A. Fjuk and I. Krange, The situated effects of awarenness in distributed collaborative learning: Interactive 3D an example, Proceedings for: Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Designing New Media for a New Millenium: Collaborative technology for learning, 1999.

A. Fjuk and S. Ludvigsen, The Complexity of Distributed Collaborative Learning: Unit of Analysis, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190521

C. S. Gadd, Ruminate: A model of the multiple roles of diagnosis in the communication and evaluation of expertise, 1995.

W. Gaver, Sound Support For Collaboration, Proceedings ESCW'91, pp.293-308, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-3506-1_22

M. Gorman, Simulation and Virtual Reality in Surgical Education, Archives of Surgery, vol.134, issue.11, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.134.11.1203

J. G. Grenno and J. L. Moore, Situativity and Symbols: Response to Vera and Simon, Cognitive Science, vol.13, issue.1, pp.49-61, 1993.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog1701_3

J. Greeno, The situativity of knowing, learning, and research., American Psychologist, vol.53, issue.1, pp.5-26, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.53.1.5

J. L. Schnase and E. L. Cunnius, Computer Support for Collaborative Learning, Proceedings of CSCL'95. The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning, pp.147-156

C. Gutwin and S. Greenberg, Design for individuals, design for groups, Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work , CSCW '98, pp.207-216, 1998.
DOI : 10.1145/289444.289495

C. Gutwin, M. Roseman, and S. Greenberg, A usability study of awareness widgets in a shared workspace groupware system, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work , CSCW '96, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/240080.240298

H. Hoffman and D. Vu, Virtual reality, Academic Medicine, vol.72, issue.12, pp.1076-1081, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-199712000-00018

H. G. Hoffman, Virtual reality, Academic Medicine, vol.72, issue.12, pp.195-200, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00001888-199712000-00018

E. Hutchins, Cognition in the Wild, 1995.

W. L. Johnson, R. J. Lester, and J. , Animated Pedagogical Agents: Face-to-Face Interaction in Interactive Learning Environments, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol.11, 2000.

I. Krange, Collaborative learning in schools by distributed use of interactive 3D technology, 2000.

C. Krapichler, M. Haubner, R. Engelbrecht, K. Englmeier, and H. , VR interaction techniques for medical imaging applications, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol.56, issue.1, pp.65-74, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2607(98)00007-8

K. Kutti, Acitivity Theory as Potential Framework for Human Computer Interaction Research, Context and Consciousness. Activity and Human-computer interaction, 1996.

D. H. Jonassen and ;. S. Land, Theoretical Foundations of Learning Environments, 2000.

A. Larsen and I. Krange, Analysing learning and collaboration in distributed 3D learning environments, 2000.

J. Lave and E. Wenger, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation, 1991.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511815355

E. Lehtinen, K. Hakkarinen, L. Lipponen, M. Rahikainen, and H. Muukkonen, Computer supported collaborative learning: A review of research and development, I Giebers Reports on Education, 1999.

P. Linell, De institutionaliserade samtalens elementäre former: om möten mellan professionella och lekmän, Forskning om utbildning, vol.4, pp.18-35, 1990.

P. Linell, Approaching Dialogue. Talk, interaction and contexts in dialogical persepctives. Impact: Studies in Language and Society, 1998.
DOI : 10.1075/impact.3

S. R. Ludvigsen, Laering i medisinsk utdannings-og arbeidskontekst. Avhandling for dr, 1998.

. Pedagogisk-forskningsinstitutt and . Universitetet-i-oslo, Learning medicine in a an educational and a work context

S. R. Ludvigsen and E. Bach-gansmo, Report from the project: Effects of multimedia applications in medical education related to practical procedures, 1998.

S. R. Ludvigsen and E. Bach-gansmo, Learning medical procedures. Analyzing medical multimedia applications, 1998.

G. Mantovani, New Communications Environments. From Everyday to virtual, 1996.

H. Mclellan, Virtual Realities Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology, 1996.

K. Nielsen and . S. Kvale, Current issues of apprenticeship. Nordisk Pedagogik (Special Issue: Apprenticeship-Learning as Social Practice), pp.130-139, 1997.

D. Ota, B. Loftin, T. Saito, R. Lea, and J. Keller, Virtual reality in surgical education, Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol.25, issue.2, pp.127-137, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-4825(94)00009-F

K. Palfreyman and T. Rodden, A protocol for user awareness on the World Wide Web, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work , CSCW '96, pp.130-139, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/240080.240236

J. Piaget, The development of thought: equilibration of cognitive structures, 1977.

R. Pilkington and C. Parker-jones, Interacting with computer-based simulation: The role of dialogue, Computers & Education, vol.27, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0360-1315(96)00013-9

A. K. Qayumi and T. Qayumi, - A Step in the Future of Surgical Education, Journal of Investigative Surgery, vol.42, issue.1, pp.307-317, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/089419399272296

G. Salomon, What Does the Design of Effective CSCL Require and How Do We Study Its Effects? Sigcue Outlook, pp.62-68, 1992.

B. Shore, Culture in Mind -Cognition, Culture , and the Problem of Meaning, 1996.

A. Strauss, S. Fagerhaugh, B. Suczek, and C. Wiener, The social organization of medical work, 1985.

L. Suchman, Plans and Situated Actions. The problems of human-machine interaction. Camb ridge, 1987.

T. Sundar, Simulering ? øvelse som gjør mester, Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen, vol.119, pp.2700-2701, 1999.

R. Säljö, Learning as the use of tools: a sociocultural perspektive on the human-technology link, Eds) Learning with Computers. Analysing productive interaction, pp.44-161, 1999.

L. Vygotsky, Mind in Society, 1978.

B. Wasson, F. Gurbye, and A. Mørch, Projects DoCTA: Design and use of Collaborative Telelearning Artefacts, Reports from ITU, 2000.

E. Wenger, Communities of Practice. Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge, 1998.

J. V. Wertsch, Voices of the Mind. A Sociocultural Approach to Mediated Action, 1991.

J. V. Wertsch, Mind as Action, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195117530.001.0001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00696266

W. Winn, The Impact of Three-Dimensional Immersive Virtual Environments on Modern Pedagogy, 1997.

C. Youngblot, Educational use of virtual reality. Alexandria: Institute for Defense Analyses, 1998.