D. P. Resnick and L. B. Resnick, The Nature of Literacy: An Historical Exploration, Becoming literate. Academic Connections, pp.370-854, 1977.
DOI : 10.17763/haer.47.3.27263381g038222w

R. National and . Council, National science education standards, 1996.

J. Kaput and J. And-roschelle, The mathematics of change and variation from a millennial perspective: New content, new context. In Rethinking the mathematics curriculum, 1998.

W. Pcast, Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics Advanced telecommunications in U.S. public elementary and secondary schools, Fall 1996 Available online at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs/97944.html; U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Internet access in public schools, issue brief Available online at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/98031.html; U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Teachers and technology: Making the connection, National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. Technology and the new professional teacher: Preparing for the 21st century classroom: U.S. Department of Education: U.S. Department of Education: U.S. Government Printing Office President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, Panel of Educational Technology. Report to the President on the use of technology to strengthen K?12 education in the United States, 1995.

L. D. Cuban and L. Cuban, Teachers and machines: The classroom uses of technology since 1920 Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform, 1986.

J. Sivin-kachala and E. R. Bialo, research report on the effectiveness of technology in schools, Software and Information Industry Association, 1999.

J. Schacter, The impact of education technology on student achievement: What the most current research has to say, 1999.

H. Wenglinsky, Does it compute? The relationship between educational technology and student achievement in mathematics, 1998.

J. A. Kulik, Meta-analytic studies of findings on computer-based instruction, Technology assessment in education and training, 1994.

J. D. Bransford, A. L. Brown, and R. R. Cocking, How people learn: Brain, mind, experience and school, 1999.

J. Greeno, A. Collins, and L. B. Resnick, Cognition and learning, 1996.

J. D. Bransford and D. L. Schwartz, This phenomenon is often referred to as the " transfer problem Rethinking transfer: A simple proposal with interesting implications, Review of research in education, 1999.

H. Gardner, Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice, 1993.

. See, A. Newell, H. A. Simon, and J. Dewey, Human problem solving The child and the curriculum II: The lived experience?83; as sense-making see, for example, Piaget, J. Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood, The philosophy of John Dewey, p.467, 1902.

J. Bruer, Schools for thought, 1993.

M. Svec, R. K. Thornton, and D. R. Sokoloff, Effect of microcomputer-based laboratory on students' graphing interpretation skills and conceptual understanding of motion. Ph.D. Dissertation Learning motion concepts using real-time microcomputer-based laboratory tools, American Journal of Physics, vol.58, pp.858-66, 1990.

J. R. Mokros and R. F. Tinker, The impact of microcomputer-based labs on children's ability to interpret graphs, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol.14, issue.4, pp.369-83, 1987.
DOI : 10.1002/tea.3660240408

R. Nachmias and M. C. Linn, Evaluations of science laboratory data: The role of computer-presented information, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol.8, issue.5, pp.491-506, 1987.
DOI : 10.1002/tea.3660240509

M. Liu, R. , K. Liu, and M. , The Effect of A "Learner As Multimedia Designer" Environment on At-Risk High School Students' Motivation and Learning of Design Knowledge, Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol.3, issue.1, pp.145-77387, 1997.
DOI : 10.2190/27AT-YLJ3-3PVV-L0JY

D. Newman, P. Griffin, C. , M. Rogoff, and B. , The construction zone: Working for cognitive change in school Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context, 1989.

J. Lave and E. Wenger, Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation, 1991.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511815355

L. Harasim, S. R. Hiltz, and L. Teles, Learning networks, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00702947

S. R. Goldman, A. J. Petrosino, and R. D. Sherwood, Anchoring science in multimedia learning environments In International perspectives on the psychological foundations of technologybased learning environments For a systematic analysis of distributed multimedia learning environments, see Pea, Distributed multimedia learning environments: Why and how? Interactive Learning Environments, pp.73-109, 1992.

M. Bereiter, C. Mclean, and R. S. , This technology, originally developed in a research setting, is now part of a national Canadian initiative called Telelearning Centres of Excellence, which will commercialize and disseminate the technology Computer supported intentional learning environments Computer support for knowledge-building communities, CSILE was started by Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter at the Ontario Institute for Studies of Education, pp.51-68265, 1989.

. See, M. Scardamalia, C. Bereiter, M. Scardamalia, and C. Bereiter, Technologies for knowledge-building discourse Computer support for knowledge-building communities, CSCL: Theory and practice of an emerging paradigm. T. Koschmann, pp.37-41, 1993.

M. Bryson and M. Scardamalia, Teaching writing to students at risk for academic failure In Teaching advanced skills to at-risk students: Views from research and practice, pp.141-67, 1991.

M. Riel, Learning Circles, Interactive Learning Environments, vol.2, pp.15-30, 1992.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412950596.n96

C. M. Hoadley, S. Hsi, and B. P. Berman, The Multimedia Forum Kiosk and SpeakEasy, Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '95, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/217279.215293

S. Hsi and C. M. Hoadley, Productive discussion in science: Gender equity through electronic discourse, Journal of Science Education and Technology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.23-36, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1022564817713

P. Schank, M. Ranney, and C. M. Hoadley, A reasoner's workbench for improving scientific thinking: Assessing Convince Me An integrated approach to implementing collaborative inquiry in the classroom, Proceedings of the 1994 International Symposium on Mathematics Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, 1994.

S. Weir, Electronic communities of learners: Fact or fiction. TERC Working Paper 3-92, 1992.

D. Pimm, Speaking mathematically?communication in mathematics classrooms, 1987.

J. Anderson, The architecture of cognition, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00699788

J. W. Schofield, Computers and classroom culture, 1995.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511571268

J. R. Anderson, A. T. Corbett, and K. Koedinger, Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.21, issue.6, pp.167-207, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00699789

H. C. Clark, Cyber-coaching in computer as learning partner, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 1996.

E. Hunt and J. Minstrell, A cognitive approach to the teaching of physics In Classroom lessons: Integrating cognitive theory and classroom practice, pp.51-74, 1994.

R. Wertheimer, The geometry proof tutor: An " intelligent " computer-based tutor in the classroom, Mathematics Teacher, vol.83, pp.308-325, 1990.

K. R. Koedinger, J. R. Anderson, and W. H. Hadley, Intelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, vol.8, pp.30-43, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197383

A. Gore, Earth in the balance: Ecology and the human spirit, 1992.

. Center, GLOBE year 3 evaluation Available online at http://www.globe.gov/sda-bin, p.3, 1999.

N. L. Vye, Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt. Looking at technology in context: A framework for understanding technology and education research Doing with understanding: Lessons from research on problem-and project-based learning, For more information New York: Macmillan Library Reference, pp.271-311, 1996.

J. P. Smith, A. A. Disessa, and J. And-roschelle, Misconceptions Reconceived: A Constructivist Analysis of Knowledge in Transition, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.22, issue.2, pp.115-63, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037//0096-3445.116.3.250

D. Gordin and R. D. Pea, Prospects for Scientific Visualization as an Educational Technology, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.10, issue.3, pp.249-79, 1995.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327809jls0403_1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190593

B. Y. White, ThinkerTools: Causal Models, Conceptual Change, and Science Education, Cognition and Instruction, vol.11, issue.1, pp.1-100, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037//0003-066X.41.10.1123
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.453.6251

B. Y. White and J. R. Fredriksen, Inquiry, Modeling, and Metacognition: Making Science Accessible to All Students, Cognition and Instruction, vol.11, issue.2, pp.63-90, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-3702(90)90095-H
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00699830

H. M. Doerr, Stella ten years later: A review of the literature, International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, vol.1, issue.1, pp.201-225, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00571080

M. Resnick, Turtles, termites, and traffic jams: Explorations in massively parallel microworlds. Complex Adaptive Systems series, 1997.

R. D. Pea, L. M. Gomez, and D. C. Edelson, Science education as a driver of cyberspace technology development In Internet links for science education Exploring learning opportunities in coordinated network-enhanced classrooms: A case of kids as global scientists, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.5, pp.189-220297, 1996.

W. H. Schmidt, C. C. Mcknight, and G. A. Valverde, Many visions, many aims: A cross-national investigation of curricular intentions in school mathematics, Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-5786-5

J. Kaput, Technology and mathematics education In A handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning, pp.515-56, 1992.

J. Roschelle and J. Kaput, SimCalc MathWorlds for the mathematics of change, Communications of the ACM, vol.39, issue.8, pp.97-99, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/232014.232041

N. Jackiw, The geometer's sketchpad. Computer software This software, available in various versions, aids in the teaching and study of geometry. For more information, see Web site at http, 1988.

T. Heller-reports, The state of Virginia purchases graphing calculators for all algebra students, The Heller Report on Educational Technology Markets, 1998.

L. Friedlander, The Shakespeare project: Experiments in multimedia education In Hypermedia and literary studies, pp.257-71, 1991.

R. J. Spiro, P. J. Feltovich, and M. J. Jacobson, Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains, Constructivism and the technology of instruction, pp.57-75, 1992.

G. Crane, Building a digital library, Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Digital libraries , DL '96, pp.3-10, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/226931.226932

R. P. Ferretti and C. M. Okolo, Designing multimedia projects in the social studies: Effects on students' content knowledge and attitudes, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Chicago, p.18, 1997.

L. H. Schultz, Pilot validation study of the Scholastic Beginning Literacy System (Wiggle Works) 1994?95 midyear report. Unpublished paper See note no, p.8, 1995.

J. Bamberger, The mind behind the ear: How children develop musical intelligence, 1991.

M. Eisenberg, A. Nishioka, and . Orihedra, Orihedra: Mathematical sculptures in paper, International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, vol.36, issue.7, pp.225-61, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00182617

P. Mcclurg, J. Lee, M. Shavalier, and K. Jacobsen, Exploring children's spatial visual thinking in an HyperGami environment, VisionQuest: Journeys toward visual literacy. Selected readings from the 28th Annual Conference of the International Visual Literacy Association. ERIC no. ED408976. Washington, DC: Educational Resources Information Center, 1997.

J. David, Realizing the promise of technology In Technology and education reform, pp.169-80, 1994.

L. S. Shulman, Knowledge and teaching foundations of the new reform?22; see also Stodolsky, S. The subject matters: Classroom activity in math and social studies, Harvard Education Review, vol.571, 1987.

T. B. Corcoran, Transforming professional development for teachers: A guide for state policymakers, National Governors Association, 1995.

L. B. Resnick, Instruction and the cultivation of thinking In Handbook of educational ideas and practice, pp.694-707, 1990.

. Learning-first-alliance, Learning First Alliance goals The Learning First Alliance member organizations include the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Council of Chief State School Officers, Education Commission of the States, National Association of Elementary School Principals, National Association of Secondary School Principals, National Association of State Boards of Education, National Education Association, National Parent Teacher Association, and National School Boards Association, 1999.

B. Means, Models and prospects for bringing technology-supported educational reform to scale, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 1998.

K. R. Koedinger and E. L. Sueker, PAT goes to college: Evaluating a cognitive tutor for developmental mathematics, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Learning Sciences: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, pp.180-87, 1996.

. Center-for-innovative-learning and . Technologies, Technology supports for improved assessments. Manuscript commissioned by the National Education Association

B. Means and K. Olson, Technology's role in education reform: Findings from a national study of innovating schools, 1995.

H. J. Becker, Teaching, learning, and computing: 1998 survey

B. Means, Introduction, pp.1-21, 1994.
DOI : 10.1057/9781137032058.0003