O. Neh, Hold it .I/ (55) *T: / m e y didn't (shaking his head) We know they didn't --I (56

B. Anderson and C. Karrqvist, How Swedish pupils, aged 12???15 years, understand light and its properties???, European Journal of Science Education, vol.50, issue.4, pp.387-402, 1983.
DOI : 10.1080/0140528830050403

J. R. Anderson, C. F. Boyle, and G. Yost, The geometry tutor, Proceedings of the Ninlh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.1-7, 1985.

J. S. Brown, Toward a new epistemology for learning Intelligent futoring systems: At the crossroads of A/ and education @p, pp.266-282, 1990.

J. S. Brown, A. Collins, and P. Duguid, Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning, Educational Researcher, vol.18, issue.1, pp.32-42, 1989.
DOI : 10.3102/0013189X018001032

J. S. Bruner, Child's talk, 1976.

J. S. Bruner, The Process of Education, American Journal of Physics, vol.31, issue.6, 1960.
DOI : 10.1119/1.1969598

. T. Carraher, D. W. Carraher, and A. D. Schliemann, Mathematics in the streets and in schools, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.21-29, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1985.tb00951.x

M. T. Chi, M. Bassok, M. W. Lewis, P. Reiman, and R. Glaser, Self-Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems, Cognitive Science, vol.2, issue.2, pp.145-182, 1989.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog1302_1

H. H. Clark and E. F. Shaeffer, Contributing to Discourse, Cognitive Science, vol.8, issue.2, pp.259-294, 1989.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog1302_7
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.130.4384

H. H. Clark and D. Wikes-gibb, Referring as a collaborative process, Cognition, vol.22, issue.1, pp.1-40, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(86)90010-7

J. Clement, Overcoming students' misconceptions in physics: The role of anchoring intuitions and analogical validity, Proc. Second lnlernational Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Stralegies in Science and Marhematics, pp.84-97, 1987.

J. Clement, Learning via Model Construction and Criticism, Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt Educational Researcher, vol.19, issue.5, pp.2-10, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-5356-1_20

A. Collins, J. S. Brown, and S. Newman, Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching students the craft of reading, writing, and mathematics Knowing, learning, and instruction: Essays in honor, pp.453-494, 1989.

J. Dewey, The child and the curriculumlThe school and society, 1956.

R. Driver, . E. Guesne, and . Tiberghien, Children's ideas in science, 1985.

P. H. Eckert, Jocks and burnouts Studies in elhnomethodology, 1967.

H. Garfinkel and H. Sacks, The formal properties of practical actions, Theoretical sociology, pp.338-366, 1970.

R. Gelman and A. L. Brown, Changing views of cognitive competence in the young, 1986.

F. M. Goldberg and L. C. Mcdermott, An investigation of student understanding of the real image formed by a converging lens or concave mirror, American Journal of Physics, vol.55, issue.2, pp.108-109, 1986.
DOI : 10.1119/1.15254

F. M. Goldberg and L. C. Mcdermott, Student difficulties in understanding image formation by a plane mirror. The Physics Teacher, pp.472-480, 1986.

C. Goodwin and J. Heritage, Conversation Analysis, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol.19, issue.1, pp.283-307, 1986.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001435

J. G. Greeno, A perspective on thinking., American Psychologist, vol.44, issue.2, pp.134-141, 1979.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.134

. E. Guesne, Light Children's ideas in science @p. 10-32), 1985.

M. A. Halliday, Learning how ro mean, 1975.

N. R. Hanson, Parterns of discovery, 1958.

R. Harre, Theories and things, 1961.

J. Hawkins and R. D. Pea, Tools for bridging the cultures of everyday and scientific thinking, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, vol.7, issue.4, pp.291-307, 1987.
DOI : 10.1002/tea.3660240404
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190549

J. I. Heller and F. Reif, Prescribing Effective Human Problem-Solving Processes: Problem Description in Physics, Cognition and Instruction, vol.1, issue.2, pp.177-216, 1984.
DOI : 10.1119/1.12525

J. Heritage, Garfinkel and ethnomethodology, 1984.

M. Hesse, Models and analogies in science, South Bend, 1966.

S. Jul, (in preparation) Systems architecture of Optics Dynagrams software, IRL Technical Reporr, Institute for Research on Learning

I. Lakatos, Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes, 1970.

M. Lampert, When the Problem Is Not the Question and the Solution Is Not the Answer: Mathematical Knowing and Teaching, American Educational Research Journal, vol.27, issue.1, p.2943, 1990.
DOI : 10.3102/00028312027001029

J. L. Larkin and H. A. Simon, Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words, Cognitive Science, vol.1, issue.1, pp.65-100, 1987.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00863.x

B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory life: The social construcrion of science, 1979.

J. Lave, Cognition in praclice, 1988.

J. Lave and E. Wenger, Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511815355

J. L. Lemke, Talking science: Language, learning, and values Establishing a research base for science education: Challenges, trends, and recommendations. Lawrence Hall of Science and the Graduate School of Education, 1986.

M. C. Linn and M. J. Clancy, Can experts' explanations help students develop program design skills?, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol.36, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7373(92)90095-3

H. Mehan and H. Wood, The reality of ethnomethodology, 1975.

A. I. Miller, Imagery in scientific thought, 1986.

G. A. Miller, Sponraneous apprentices: Children and language The struclure of science, 1961.

D. Newman, P. Griffin, and M. Cole, The consrruction zone: Working for cognitive change in school, 1989.

R. Osborne and . P. Freyberg, Learning in science, 1985.

R. D. Pea, Dialogism and mathematical discourse, Invited address at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Norrh American Chapter, 1988.

R. D. Pea, R. D. Pea, M. Sipusic, and S. Allen, Distributed intelligence and education Teaching for understanding in an age of rechnology Seeing the light on optics: Classroom-based research and development of a learning environment for conceptual change, Development and learning environments: Sevenrh Annual Workshop on Human Development

G. J. Posner, K. A. Strike, P. W. Hewson, and W. A. Gertzog, Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change, Science Education, vol.1, issue.2, pp.211-227, 1982.
DOI : 10.1002/sce.3730660207

B. Rogoff and J. Lave, Everyday cognirion: Its developmenr in social conrexr, 1984.

. J. Roschelle, Designing for conversations. Paper presenred ar [he A M 1990 Spring Symposium on Knowledge-Based Environmenfs for Learning and Teaching, 1990.

. J. Roschelle and S. Behrend, The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving Compurer-supporred collaborarive learning

G. B. Saxe, The interplay between children's learning in formal and informal social contexts The science and engineering of science educarion

. E. Schegloff, (in press) Conversation analysis and socially shared cognition

E. A. Sacks and H. , Socially shared cognirion Opening up closings, Semiorica, vol.7, pp.289-327, 1973.

A. Schoenfeld, Mafhemarical problem solving, 1985.

S. Scribner, Cognitive studies of work. Special issue of rhe Quarterly Newslerrer of the Laborarory of Compararive Human Cognition, 1984.

. E. Soloway, Learning to program = learning to construct mechanisms and explanations, Communications of the ACM, vol.29, issue.9, pp.850-858, 1986.
DOI : 10.1145/6592.6594

R. Stavy and B. Berkowitz, Cognitive conflict as a basis for teaching quantitative aspects of the concept of temperature, Science Education, vol.3, issue.5, p.679692, 1980.
DOI : 10.1002/sce.3730640514

L. Suchman, Plans and siruared acrions: The problem of human-machine communicarion, 1987.

. A. Tiberghien, The development of ideas with teaching Children's ideas in science, 1985.

S. E. Toulmin, Human undersmnding, 1972.

. L. Vygotsky, Mind in sociery: The developmen: of rhe higher psychological processes, 1978.

L. West and A. L. Pines, Cognitive srrucrure and conceprual change, 1985.

T. Winograd and . F. Flores, Understanding compurers and cognirion: A new foundarion for design, 1987.

. L. Wittgenstein, (Originally published in 1949). Philosophical invesrigarions, 1967.